Poverty, Poor, And Poor - 1754 Words

The concepts of â€Å"worthy† and â€Å"unworthy† poor came about during the English Poor Laws that were introduced in the 1500’s. The English poor laws classified poor or dependent people into three major categories and established many requirement before aid was provided. Dependent persons were categorized as: vagrant (nomadic; with no permanent home or employment), the involuntary unemployed and the helpless. In effect, the poor laws separated the poor into two classes which were the worthy and the unworthy. The worthy were classified as orphans, widows, handicapped, or the frail elderly. The unworthy were the drunkards, suspicious, or lazy. (Hansan, J.E. (2011). Poor relief in early America) A major theme that was established during this time†¦show more content†¦The workers saw the persistent abuse of immigrants, the terrible working conditions in factories and sweatshops, and the failure of public officials to enforce laws. Settlement house residents soon learned that the conditions of the poor people in the neighborhoods were most often not the result of choice but of necessity. These discoveries led to the house residents acting as advocates on behalf of immigrants and their neighborhoods. Some even organized English classes and immigrant protective associations. At the same time as the settlement houses were in effect, the charities were being discouraged from giving public relief, during a period of financial crisis and unemployment. The society went into chaos and the charities began to panic. Due to the overwhelming amount of relief necessary, charity workers argued that there needed to be a scientific way to establish who would get relief. Therefore, private charities were combined into an organization called the COS, and others like it followed. These organizations were there to conduct investigations and distinguish the worthy from the unworthy poor and based on their findings, refer them to relief agencies. Where the COS blamed the poor for their situation, the settlement houses strived to prove that it was a societal issue. The settlement houses paved the way for community organization and didn’t focus on the COS’s distinction of worthy and unworthy. The social workers in the settlement houses focused on reducingShow Mo reRelatedA Poor Child Of Poverty924 Words   |  4 PagesA poor child sentenced to a lifetime of poverty is caused by the foundations of his or her education. When a child is raised on the losing side of the social spectrum goes to school, it isn’t the school that could potentially bring them out from the depths of poverty, but one that keeps them drowning in the same things their parents did. Unlike the poor, the middle class has a lead way to both sides. They are far enough up the spectrum to work hard to reach the top or give up and hit the bottom andRead MorePoverty in Poor Families1758 Words   |  7 PagesWhile poverty is inevitable, poverty drags down the development of the world. Living conditions, cause of poverty, barriers to ending poverty, and non-poor contribution can’t afford to be taken lightly. Poverty does not have one clear definition. It is a complex concept referring to multiple situations. By poverty we normally associate it to a situation in whi ch a person fails to earn sufficient income to purchase necessities to life. The basic needs of life are, enough food, clothing, drinking waterRead MoreThe Between Poverty And Crime, Poor Relief, And The Working Poor10178 Words   |  41 Pagescolonies, all but a small fraction were impoverished. Within the metropole, these poor women were viewed as a burden on society, often dependent upon parish rolls and private charity, when available, for a subsistence living. While the general public was broadly sympathetic to the plight of widows and sometimes single mothers, such sympathy disappeared when women engaged in criminal activity. It is this link between poverty and crime that will be explored in this chapter, with a particular focus on theRead MorePoverty Between The Rich And The Poor993 Words   |  4 Pageswitnessed increasingly apparent gap between the rich and the poor. Specifically in developing countries where many people’s living standards is below the poverty line, without access to essential resources such as food, health care or education. Poverty, which is a multi-facet phenomenon in today’s globalised world, is rooted in several causes and there are also multiple ways to eliminate it. This paper will discuss two main factors that cause poverty in developing countries, including overpopulation andRead MorePoverty : The Poor And The Welfare Program1130 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing the issue of poverty worldwide especially in the United States. Poverty within the U.S is getting worst because people are divided between the meaning of providing assistance to the poor and the welfare program. Many people want to assistance the poor but not enough is getting done about it. People living in poverty is blamed for their poverty. They are seen as lazy and not hard working enough. The system is design to blame the welfare program for people living in poverty, and as well as theRead MorePoverty Is The State Of Been Poor961 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesWhat is poverty? Poverty is the state of been poor. Do you think it’s possible to overcome poverty, if you were raised in poverty? What would you consider as been poor? Could you replace your current state of living and live under a dollar a day? When I was a child I remember been raised in a low-income neighborhood. I always had the audacity to complain to my parents about things I wanted. Growing up under Hispanic parents, I learned what hard work is. At a young age I believed we were poor, but IRead MorePoverty And The Poor Learning Environment799 Words   |  4 PagesThe marginalized children undergo the life of poverty as a result of different natural or man-made calamities, tradition of certain ethnic groups, and the institutional settings. HIV on the other hand, increase the marginalization of children as poverty pushes orphan and poor children to city streets, and often guardians encourage children to live on the streets begging for assistance, in turn supp ort their families with a little amount of money they collect. In the same fashion, disabilities leadsRead MorePoverty And Poor People And The Rich1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween poor people and the rich has extended to its vastest levels since time remembrance. Financial imbalance likewise alluded to as the hole between poor people and the rich, riches uniqueness or wage disparity comprises of the distinctions in the pay and riches appropriation. Ordinarily, the term the hole between poor people and the rich alludes to disparity among gatherings and people in the general public, however can too allude to imbalance among nations. The crevice between poor people andRead MoreThe Poverty And Poor Economic Infrastructure2224 Words   |  9 Pagesregional and global economic phenomenon (Ojo and Gaul (2012)) . It is no secret that much of the world has been concerned over the course of the past century with the amount of poverty that is existent in various parts of the globe, and how the rate of poverty seems to only be increasing. Consider the abject poverty and poor economic infrastructure that has been endemic to the countries of Africa for all of the modern era. According to Ana (2007) one of the primary reasons limiting economic expansionRead MorePoverty Is The State Of Being Extremely Poor Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pages I have many thoughts about poverty before I even began this project. I feel that poverty is a terrible thing to have to go through and an even worst thing to have to overcome. Poverty is the state of being extremely poor. I have mixed emotions about poverty in society today. I believe as citizens in the United States, we should make sure the percentage of poverty is little to none. It is many strategies that we can use to get to that point as well, that I will explain throughout this paper. I feel

Evaluation Of Instructional Leadership Styles - 1112 Words

Throughout this semester we have read and discussed instructional leadership styles on what to do and what not to do. We have also applied these styles during in-class scenario sessions. During the last few weeks we have focused on the evaluation process of instructional leadership. Whether you are a teacher, nurse, military personnel, or janitor, you will have formal evaluations throughout your career, but few of us truly understand and become proficient at the process. Thus, DiPaola and Hoy (2014) discuss in chapter eight why, how, and what we evaluate personnel on, while chapter nine discusses the actual process of conducting evaluations. Upon graduating nursing school in 2006, I joined the United States Navy. I was not a prior†¦show more content†¦This duty entailed assigning patients to staff according to their skill level, managing doctors’ orders, new admits and discharges, and keeping my senior leadership abreast of all matters. This first leadership position, as charge nurse, greatly aided in my future position as the division officer of the multi-service ward (MSW) at Naval Hospital Rota, Spain. As a division officer I was directly in charge of eight nurses and ten corpsman. Some of my responsibilities were staffing, patient safety and satisfaction, career development for all staff members, and yearly evaluations. Had I had DiPaola and Hoy’s (2014) text back then, my job as a division officer would have been significantly easier. DiPaola and Hoy (2014) state on page 187, â€Å"†¦the overall purposes of personnel evaluation are accountability and professional growth leading to student learning.† While as a division officer, I was not concerned about student learning, I was concerned with accountability of staff skills, professional growth, and staff and patient learning. Had I been equipped with the knowledge of how to set up evaluations, according to the evaluation cycle discussed by DiPaola and Hoy (2014) on page 186, I believe the evaluation part of my job would have been less burdensome. Within the Navy, we are required to submit yearly evaluations and are highly encouraged to conduct a mid-cycle counseling meeting to ensure staff members are where they need and want to be

Preserve Environment free essay sample

The environment means the natural surroundings that we live in. This includes the trees, the plants, animals, mountains, rivers, oceans, sky, etc. The nature around us is the very essence of our survival and sustenance. Therefore it is the responsibility of every citizen of the world to preserve the environment and keep it safe as there are efforts to destruct it from many sources. Our earth abounds in natural resources and therefore we have no right to destroy them. Man does not realize that his attitude towards nature will one day make him pay a very heavy price. Man continues to pollute the environment. There is an increase in air pollution because of the growing number of vehicle on roads. The rivers are polluted because factories and houses throw their waste material into the river. Rivers are getting choked with silt, sewage and other pollutants. Factories processing chemical emit poisonous gases which are becoming a health hazard. We will write a custom essay sample on Preserve Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although these industries are doing a great service to mankind, we are also paying a heavy price for this service. We have also destroyed ozone layer partly. We are encroaching on deserts, forests, lakes, rivers, etc. Forests are being razed. Trees are being cut. The vanishing of trees is reducing the oxygen content in the atmosphere and the air is rich in carbon dioxide which is harmful for us. This denuding of forests is steadily eroding the soil too. Recently we witnessed the Gulf War. Besides great loss to life and property, the environment was badly affected. Oil wells were on fire continuously tor many days thus polluting the air. Thousands of oil wells were blown up and oil spilt into the sea which endangered marine life. The world was shocked at the â€Å"black snow† which fell in various parts of the world that winter. We also suffer the effect of â€Å"acid rain† which is rain water mixed with the effect of various poisonous gases. But now man is realizing the need to preserve the vital ingredients of nature. Our government has banned the killing of wildlife and felling of trees. Heavy fines have the killing of wildlife and felling of trees. Heavy fines have to be paid by those who commit these â€Å"crimes†. It is a crime to interfere with nature because no man has the right to destroy this beautiful universe and make it barren for the coming generations.

Psychological treatments for depression Essay Example

Psychological treatments for depression Essay Psychological treatments for Depression This essay will discuss and compare Becks cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and the use of drug therapy as treatments for depression. They differ heavily in their ideologies with regards to what depression is caused by. Becks therapy is a cognitive and therefore focuses on thought processes. The idea being, that people with depression can change their thought negative processes to positive ones in order to cure themselves. Whereas drug treatments focus on the biological causes for depression such as chemical imbalances and tries to revert these via the dministration of drugs. Beck Cognitive theory of depression, which is the ideology behind CBT, has three main parts. Firstly Beck said that depressed people have an unrealistic negative outlook on their self, life experiences and future therefore resulting in depression. He called this the Cognitive Triad. For example if someone was to experience losing their Job, they might blame this on themselves, believing they are a bad person and therefore that their life will never improve because they will never get another Job, in turn causing a depressed state of mind. CBT focuses on he patient identifying these negative thought processes and try to change them to positive cognitions. For example realizing that it wasnt their own fault they lost their job. The second part of Becks theory was based around Silent assumptions. These are unconscious assumptions which shape our conscious cognitions. These messages largely derive from the way in which we are spoken to and behaviour we witness, by those that have a large social impact on us; Such as parents, teachers and friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological treatments for depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological treatments for depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological treatments for depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Examples of silent assumptions might include l must have others approval r l must do everything perfectly. Beck said that believing these assumptions, although not unusual, can make a person vulnerable to depression and the key to recovery using CBT is identifying these thoughts as unhelpful and realizing that a person cannot always be perfect. The third and final part of becks model said that depressed people are prone to distorting events in their life negatively. One example is what Beck called Catastrophising. This being the tendency to blow a small issue out of proportion until it becomes a major setback. Again the focus of CBT is to dentify this negative information processing and make it positive. The main criticism of CBT is that; at its core it assumes that negative cognitions are what cause depression. Biological theorists directly contradict this idea. They say that the psychological symptoms of depression, such as negative cognitions, are caused by an underlying biological defect for instance; a chemical imbalance in the brain. Biological drug treatments focus on correcting chemical imbalances in the brain. Examples of such drugs are SSRI type medications. SSRI stands for selective erotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which scientists have discovered to positively correlate with happiness. It is believed that depressed people therefore are lacking in serotonin. Usually when serotonin is used in the brain it is absorbed back into the brain. SSRls work to inhibit that re-uptake in order to leave more serotonin active and create a buildup of the neurotransmitter over time. However the main criticism of drug treatments in general is that they can have side drugs dont necessarily pinpoint the individuals problem. Cognitive theorists would rgue that drug treatment is simply an artificial comfort for depressed people; not addressing the root cause of depression while CBT aims to change the person without the constant need to take drugs. Often CBT can be used alongside drug treatments in order to give the patient the best chance of recovery as neither treatments work for everyone. However the contradiction between these two theories really comes down to a nature versus nurture debate. Is depression a result of our biological make-up and the negative psychological effects are symptoms of that or vice versa?

Frederick Clegg †A Study in Psychopathy Essay Essays

Frederick Clegg – A Study in Psychopathy Essay Essays Frederick Clegg – A Study in Psychopathy Essay Paper Frederick Clegg – A Study in Psychopathy Essay Paper Throughout the whole book Frederick enjoys his solitariness which occurred due to his unnatural upbringing. Fredericks was guided through life by his uncle whom he unfeignedly adored and who has become his religious life leader. Frederick profoundly suffered after his decease and didn’t manage to construct such strong relationships that he used to hold earlier. Frederick has many psychological drawbacks. Since his childhood. he has been let down and abandoned several times: My male parent was killed drive. I was two. †¦ He was rummy. but Aunt Annie ever said it was my female parent that drove him to imbibe. They neer told me what truly happened. but she went away shortly after and left me with Aunt Annie. she merely wanted an easy clip. [ †¦ ] I don’t attention now. if she is still alive. I don’t want to run into her. I’ve got no involvement. [ †¦ ] So I was brought up by Aunt Annie and Uncle Dick with their girl Mabel. Truly. these instances of decease and forsaking have influenced him radically. One can easy say that he is feared to be re-abandoned and this is a ground why he doesn’t want to put on the line the option that Miranda wantonnesss him when she is ill. That’s why. Frederick chooses to reject the medical intervention. Surely. he would be accused and imprisoned if she would state person about the snatch. but due to the fact that he does non show any fright of being imprisoned. it is more likely that he is more frightened of solitariness. Probably the two frights are someway connected. which is why Frederick refuses to supply Miranda with medical aid. His unequal behaviour clearly demonstrates his psychopathologic personal traits. In fact. Frederick is holier-than-thou individual and prig. While looking at other people he experiences antipathy because the manner they communicate. form their day-to-day life and accept him make non co-occur with his universe position. : Frederick is excessively lazy to make anything to alter this state of affairs. He keeps distance with his colleagues and ignores everything which is non included in his life. It can be noticed from the first page that Frederick is rather unusual immature chap who perceives environing environment in negativeness. Due to the fact the he was brought up in a little town sing the deficiency of comfort. cognition. and opportunities. he became unable to see true human feelings like understanding. and forfeit. If Frederick Clegg had been a existent figure. he would hold been diagnosed with the following psychopathologic symptoms: Sex life impersonal. fiddling. and ill integrated: Frederick’s sexual relationships with Miranda could hold been developed faster and more fruitfully if merely he had non been so disabled. He treated Miranda as an object and his absolute ownership holding ruling behaviour instead than holding equal relationships individual with distinguishable societal purposes and demands. Unresponsiveness in general interpersonal dealingss Emotional coldness and neutrality in unrelated to his lifestyle events and impressions are common to people with certain psychological upsets due to the fact that they are narrowly oriented on one individual person/object/notion. Pathologic egocentricity and incapacity for love From the point of position of psychological science and psychopathy the lone one individual genuinely and profoundly adored by Frederick is he himself. Having higher precedence set of his ain actions. he therefore unfeignedly justified his right to have premium quality relationships. attitudes. and life in general. Poor judgement and failure to larn by experience Frederick is characterized by holding irrational thought and inability to analyse and therefore right his behaviour. Inadequately motivated antisocial behaviour Some medical research workers and analysts have applied the impression of religious. psychological. and societal self-destruction in instance with Frederick. Lack of compunction and shame Absence of sorrow. sorrow. or embarrassment emerges from his entire assurance in the soundness of his actions. ideas. and purposes. Undependability Failure to set up healthy relationships with psychologically equal people consequences in his inability to map as a dependable individual. Absence of jitteriness or psychoneurotic manifestations Frederick’s instance is different from any other psychological upset such as mental cases. aggressive sexual behaviour. etc. ( Mossen 44 ) . Clegg possesses these psychopathologic personality traits because he cares small about others. A figure of medical analysts claim that Frederick Clegg should be considered to be psychopath instead than sociopath. The difference between these two impressions is reflected in the fact that sociopathy develops from negative sociological factors like low societal position. fiscal non-satisfaction. and illegal environment. while mental illness is ingenerate disease being nurtured by impulsivity. high/low intelligence. and failure to accept societal norms and by and large set up behavioural regulations. He is so selfish he can’t accept any rejections which can be understood from his attitude towards Miranda. The phrase ‘she was mine’ explains everything he felt for Miranda whom he treats merely like one of his butterflies that has to be taken attention of. After he captures the miss he is overwhelmed by the mind-bending feeling for possessing what he has cherished such a long clip. . Frederick may be emotionally and sexually described as holding entire deficiency of sexual attractive force. ‘ A statement made by Frederick right after Miranda’s decease explains much of himself in footings of his mentally unhealthy character: â€Å"I idea I was moving for the best and within rights† . First of all. Frederick didn’t have good purposes. Although Frederick did non see Miranda’s disease to be true for the first twosome of yearss. and even after it appeared to be such he didn’t start looking for aid. This proves that he was non moving within his rights. Besides. the fact of nobbling itself is far from being human and can non be justified. This statement demonstrates the absolute egocentricity and ferociousness of Frederick. It would besides be appropriate to observe that he was repeatedly handling Miranda as his invitee. It is the grounds of unhealthy Frederick’s character as Miranda is forced to pass clip at his topographic point instead than volunteering sing him. All of these things. every bit good as assorted others contribute to a crisp audience response that makes the subject of the narrative become more apparent. ( Holland 97 ) . Sarcasm may besides be noticed in the issue of freedom associating Frederick and Miranda â€Å"relationships† . In fact. Miranda is kept locked. nevertheless. it does non intend that she is limited in her head and psyche. Frederick’s head degree is really limited. he is close to anyone else’s thoughts which can be seen from his inability to acknowledge and understand Miranda’s attractive force to art. One more important treatment traveling on in the narrative was the conversation about the book ‘The backstop in the rye. ‘ Frederick fails to understand the significance as he perceives it as a muss and doesn’t like the manner the chief character negotiations in it. It set a graphic contrast with Miranda and illustrates to what extent she is free regardless of the fact of her imprisonment. She is eager to larn everything new that surrounds her. She is an open-minded lady and her accomplishment to deeply interpret others’ idea and feelings are based on her ain thought and analysis. ( Nicklette 87 ) . Frederick is a character with small cognition of what love and human relationships are. That’s why he does non cognize what he truly wants from relationships with the miss. What he strives for is lucidity. excellence and exceptionality: â€Å"I ever thought of her like that. I mean words like elusive and sporadic. and really refined – non like the other 1s. even the pretty 1s. † As indicated above. it is wholesome and perfect love that Frederick strives for. He rejects females who have had active sexual life and is ever disgusted by them. His â€Å"perfect match† is â€Å"pure† merely as he considers himself. Here he reveals what in mental illness is called grandiose sense of flawlessness. ( Mossen 1995 ) . He picks a cocotte. and explains his sexual inability by stating that the female was non compatible with his fanciful adult female: â€Å"I was excessively nervous. I tried to be as if I knew all about it and of class she saw. she was old and she was atrocious. atrocious. I mean. both in the foul manner she behaved and in expressions. She was worn. common† . This statement does non merely show Frederick’s thought of what existent adult females should be like. but it besides opens his low assurance. Throughout the narrative. the audience can experience Fredericks’s lower status composite and with the illustration of what Frederick thinks of Miranda’s environing environment: â€Å"The merely times I didn’t have nice dreams about her being when I saw her with a certain immature adult male. a loud noisy public-school type who had a athleticss car† . It is obvious that he is covetous of the â€Å"young adult male with a athleticss car† . non merely because of Miranda. but besides because he does non belong to the upper crust of the society. In his storytelling. Frederick states that he people from the upper category disgust him: I remember a dark we went out and had supper at a posh eating house [ †¦ ] Everything in the room seemed to look down at us because we weren’t brought up their manner. [ †¦ ] If you ask me. London’s all arranged for the people who can move like public schoolboys. and you don’t acquire anyplace if you don’t have the mode born and the right grandiose voice – I mean rich people’s London. the West End. of class. † There is besides some look â€Å"la-di-da† that is oftentimes used by Frederick. Oxford English Dictionary Online states that â€Å"la-di-da† bases for â€Å"A gibelike term for one who affects breeding ; a ‘swell’† . He besides addresses upper crust work forces as â€Å"public schoolboys† . and typically continues by exemplifying them as loud. stupid and narcissistic. It would be appropriate to observe how Frederick at the beginning does non look to take Miranda as a lady from the upper crust. but subsequently on he changes his head: â€Å"Of class it was really educated. but it wasn’t grandiose. it wasn’t slimy. she didn’t implore the coffin nails or similar demand them. she merely asked for them in an easy manner and you didn’t have any category feeling† . At the beginning this is the manner he describes Miranda and. in this instance. her voice. After Miranda’s decease. Frederick says: â€Å"I ought to hold seen that I could neer acquire what I wanted from person like Miranda. with all her grandiose thoughts and clever tricks† . Apparently. Frederick’s feelings for Miranda have changed. He eventually is able to understand the societal difference between Miranda and him. and its importance. but non until merely before Miranda dies: â€Å"There was ever category between us† . Due to his low societal background. Frederick can non truly see himself as person mounting upwards on societal ladder after he has won some money. His inability to accept of upper crust behaviour has really strong roots in his caput. When Miranda pushes him to donate money to charity. he refuses. and expresses openly what he thinks about this thought: â€Å"I know rich people give amounts. but in my sentiment they do it to acquire their names published or to dodge the tax-man† . When Frederick refers to people of the upper crust. he has a really misanthropic sentiment. Both Frederick and Miranda stay wholly the same as the secret plan moves frontward. although sometimes Miranda seems to be instead inactive in development. There can be found instead clear markers in the novel that demonstrates a development. particularly in the instance of Frederick. At the beginning. he is shown as an inexperienced person. naif immature chap who is slightly socially stray. ( Russel 129 ) . Frederick has a really romantic position of love and relationships at that clip. the type of romantic love we can read about in books. for case. in Romeo and Juliet: â€Å"I can’t say what it was. the really first clip I saw her. I knew she was the lone 1. [ †¦ ] I used to hold reveries about her. I used to believe of narratives where I met her. did things she admired. married her and all that. Nothing awful. that was neer until what I’ll explain later† . Frederick has turned from naif immature chap with low societal accomplishments to an compulsive. hardhearted consecutive slayer. Fowles does non province that Frederick will go a consecutive slayer. but the manner he lets Frederick believe about nobbling another immature lady after Miranda’s decease gives the reader the feeling that the narrative has non yet come to an terminal. Nonetheless. Frederick is still really naif when it comes to decease and life. â€Å"The Great Beyond† as an parlance for decease suggests a romantic head. but his belief in acetylsalicylic acid as the best manner putting to death him is instead unreasonable. Daniels. John. Literature XX. London: Ranfield Books. 2004. Fowles. John. The Collector. New York: Pocket Books. 2000. Fernando. Eric. Literature Today. Chicago: Chicago Publishing. 1999. Holland. Mark. Literature Analysis. New York: Penguin. 2003. Kelly. Bob. John Fowles. Biography. New York: Maison Book. 1995. Mossen. Steve. The Collector. Analysis. New York: Maison Book. 1995. Nicklette. Brebis. European Literature. Psychological Overview. Chicago: Chicago Publishing. 1997. Powels. Eric. History of World Literature. Oxford: Oxford Press. 1996. Russel. Brandon. Literature. Synopsis. New York: Maison Book. 1995. Oxford English Dictionary. â€Å"La-di-da† . 21 Feb. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //search. Oxford English Dictionary. com/cgi-bin/ts. pl gt ;

History of Womens Basketball in America (1891-Present)

History of Womens Basketball in America (1891-Present) Womens basketball began the year after the game was invented. The history of womens basketball success is a long one: collegiate and professional teams, intercollegiate competitions (and their critics) as well as the sad history of many failed attempts at professional leagues; womens basketball at the Olympics. Its all here in this timeline. 1891 James Naismith invented basket ball [sic] at a Massachusetts YMCA school 1892 first womens basketball team organized by Senda Berenson at Smith College, adapting Naismiths rules to emphasize cooperation, with three zones and six players on each team 1893 first womens college basketball game played at Smith College; no men were admitted to the game (March 21)womens basketball began at Iowa State College, Carleton College, Mount Holyoke College, and Sophie Newcomb College (Tulane) in New Orleans; each year more schools added womens basketball to their sports offerings for girls 1894 Senda Berenson published an article on womens basketball and its benefits in the Physical Education journal 1895 Basketball was being played at many womens colleges, including Vassar College, Bryn Mawr College, and Wellesley College Baer published rules for womens Basquette 1896 Bloomers introduced as a playing costume at Sophie Newbomb College, New OrleansStanford and the University of California at Berkeley played the first womens intercollegiate game; Stanford won, 2-1, and men were excluded, with women guarding the windows and doors to exclude menfirst known womens basketball game between two high schools was played in the Chicago area, with Chicago Austin High School against Oak Park High School 1899 Conference of Physical Training established a committee to form uniform rules for womens basket ball [sic]Stanford banned womens basketball from intercollegiate competition, as did the University of California 1901 University of California at Berkeley was given an outdoor basketball court for women by philanthropist Phoebe HearstSpalding issued womens basketball rules, edited by Senda Berenson, establishing 3 zones with 5-10 players per team; some teams used mens rules, some used Baers rules, and some used Spaldings/Berensons rules 1904 A Native American team played womens basketball at the St. Louis Worlds Fair, as an exhibition 1908 AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) took the position that women or girls should not play basketball in public 1914 The American Olympic Committee declared its opposition to the participation of women in the Olympics competition 1920s industrial leagues teams sponsored by companies for their workers were established in many parts of the country 1921 Jeux Olympiques Fà ©minines held in Monaco, an all-womens sports competition for sports excluded from the Olympics; sports included basketball, track and field; Britains team won the basketball event 1922 Jeux Olympiques Fà ©minines held, an all-womens sports competition for sports excluded from the Olympics; sports included basketball, track and field 1923 Jeux Olympiques Fà ©minines held, an all-womens sports competition for sports excluded from the Olympics; sports included basketball, track and fieldWomens Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation (WDNAAF) held its first conference; over the next few years, it will take on womens extramural basketball and other sports as too competitive, working to get high schools, industrial leagues, and even churches to ban tournaments 1924 Olympics included womens basketball as an exhibition eventInternational Womens Sports Federation founded, hosted a womens event paralleling the Olympics, including basketball 1926 AAU held the first national tournament for womens basketball, with six teams participating 1927 AAU National Womens Basketball Tournament canceled under pressure from the WDNAAF; Sunoco Oilers (Dallas) declared AAU national champions 1928 Olympics included womens basketball as an exhibition eventAAU National Womens Basketball Tournament canceled for the second year under pressure from the WDNAAF; Sunoco Oilers (Dallas) declared AAU national champions (again) 1929 AAU selected the first AAU All-America teamAAU re-started national championship tournament; Sunoco Oilers won, defeating the Golden Cyclones; a beauty contest was part of the event 1930 AAU national championship included 28 teams; Sunoco Oilers won, defeating the Golden Cyclones 1930s Isadore Channels (of the Chicago Romas team) and Ora Mae Washington (of the Philadelphia Tribunes) starred in two rival black womens basketball barnstorming teams; both women were also American Tennis Association title winnersWDNAAF continued to pressure states to ban womens basketball tournaments, with success in many states 1931 Golden Cyclones won AAU Championship, led by Babe Didrikson 1938 three zones reduced to two in womens competition 1940s during World War II, competition and recreation basketball was common; relocation centers for Japanese Americans, for instance, included regularly scheduled womens basketball games 1953 international competition in womens basketball was reorganized 1955 first Pan-American Games included womens basketball; USA won the gold medal 1969 Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (ICAW) held an invitational basketball tournament, the first national tournament not including AAU teams; West Chester State won the championshipwomens basketball was included in the Paralympics 1970 five player full court game adopted for womens basketball 1972 Title IX enacted, requiring federally-funded schools to fund womens sports equitably, including teams, scholarships, recruitment, and media coverageAssociation for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) held the first national intercollegiate championship in basketball; Immaculata defeated West ChesterAAU established national basketball tournaments for girls younger than college age 1973 college scholarships offered to female athletes for the first timeAmateur Basketball Association of the United States (ABAUSA) established, replacing AAU 1974 US Olympic Committee recognized the ABAUSABillie Jean King founded the Womens Sports Foundation, to promote sports and physical activity among girls 1976 womens basketball became an Olympic sport; the Soviet team won the gold, USA won the silver 1978 Wade Trophy established to honor a top collegiate player; first awarded to Carol BlazejowskiBill Byrne founded the 8-team Womens Basketball League (WBL) 1979 WBL expanded to 14 teams 1980 Ladies Professional Basketball Association founded with six teams; played for less than a month before failingfirst USA Basketball Female Athlete of the Year Award went to Carol BlazejowskiOlympics held but many nations boycotted, led by the USA 1981 WBL played its last seasonWomens Basketball Coaches Association (WBCA) beginsNCAA announced womens basketball tournaments; AIAW filed an antitrust suit in oppositionfinal AIAW tournament held; AIAW dropped the lawsuit against the NCAA and disbandedfirst NCAA womens basketball Final Four championship held 1984 Olympics womens basketball event won by USA team, with the USSR and some other nations boycottingWomens American Basketball Association (WABA) formed, with six teams; it was, like most of the womens professional basketball leagues, short-lived Lynette Woodard  began playing with the Harlem Globetrotters, the first woman to play with that team 1985 Senda Berenson Abbott, L. Margaret Wade, and Bertha F. Teague were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, the first women to be so honored 1986 National Womens Basketball Association (NWBA) founded; folded the same season 1987 Naismith Hall of Fame initiated Female High School Player of the Year award 1988 Olympics womens basketball event won by USA team 1990 Pat Summit was the first woman to be awarded the John Bunn Award by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1991 WBL disbandedLiberty Basketball Association (LBA) founded, and lasted one game, broadcast on ESPN 1992 Howard University womens basketball coach became the first woman to win monetary damages under Title IX, for discriminationNera White, who played with the Nashville Business College team, and Lusia (Lucy) Harris (Harris-Stewart) were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1993 Womens Basketball Association (WBA) foundedAnn Meyers and Ulyana Semjonova inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1994 Carol Blazejowski inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1995 Womens Basketball Association (WBA) failedAmerican Basketball League (ABL) founded with ten teamsplayers Anne Donovan and Cheryl Miller inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1996 NBA established the WNBA with eight teams; Sheryl Swoopes was the first player signed by the WNBANancy Lieberman inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1997 first WNBA game playedWNBA added two more teamsplayers Joan Crawford and Denise Curry inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1998 ABL failedWNBA expanded by two teams 1999 Womens Basketball Hall of Fame opened with 25 inducteesWNBA expanded by four teams for the 2000 season 2000 Olympics held in Sydney, Australia; USA team won gold medal; Teresa Edwards became the first basketball player to play on five consecutive Olympic teams and win five Olympic medalsNational Womens Basketball Professional League (NWBL) foundedPat Head Summitt (coach) inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 2002 Sandra Kay Yow (coach) inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameAshley McElhiney became the first woman head coach for a mens professional basketball team (ABA, Nashville Rhythm); she resigned in 2005 with a 21-10 record 2004 Lynette Woodard  inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 2005 Hortencia Marcari and Sue Gunter (LSU coach) inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 2006 WNBA celebrated its 10th year by announcing an All-Decade Team, selected by fans, media, and current players and coaches. 2008 Cathy Rush inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameSigning a 7-day WNBA contract, Nancy Lieberman returned to play in a single game

The satisfaction level of e-government in Saudi Arabia Dissertation

The satisfaction level of e-government in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example Moreover, the trust of people to the particular schemes seems still to be rather low – despite the efforts for the continuous increase of these systems’ safety. The proposed study focuses on the examination of the effectiveness of e-government in Saudi Arabia. Emphasis is given on the level of the citizens’ satisfaction regarding the particular systems. A series of related issues are also critically discussed, as analyzed in the study’s Research Objectives section. At a first level, the performance of e-government in Saudi Arabia seems to be satisfactory; however, if reviewing the resources engaged in the realization of the particular plan it is made clear that the specific plan has not achieved the targets of its initiators. The reasons for this failure are going to be investigated through this study; suggestions will be also made for the system’s improvement so that citizens’ satisfaction is increased. Current study will help to understand the progress of e-government in Saudi Arabia based on the level of satisfaction of the citizens. In this way, the system’s advantages and drawbacks will be revealed. E-government is of particular importance for the government in Saudi Arabia. The proposed study will offer valuable details both on the system’s performance up to now and its needs for updates/ improvements in order to become more effective. Background In accordance with Al-Tameen et al. (2008) the development of e-government in Saudi Arabia has been initiated because of a series of factors, which have been all important in the plan’s development. Strategic motives seem to have been combined with economic reasons for supporting the development of the particular framework. In general, the development of e-government in Saudi Arabia should be characterized as quite satisfactory – both in terms of the system’s quality and the time spent on the system’s development. In a recent inte rview of the country’s Minister of Communications and Information Technology, Ahmed Mulla, the country’s government has set the effective development of e-government across the country as a priority (Oxford Business Group 2010, p.247). The above plan is combined with efforts for improving the quality of IT systems engaged in various governmental projects and increase the volume/ quality of education provided to these systems’ users. In accordance with the minister, the value of the above efforts is reflected to the Saudi E-government Achievement Award, a prize that has been introduced in order to reward the efforts towards the development of e-government across the country (Oxford Business Group 2010). Research Aim The government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia established an e-government framework that could be used regularly by citizens. However, problems have been identified in the system’s performance; more specifically, complaints have been stated by citizens who use e-government services either regularly or periodically. This research aims to examine the satisfaction level of e-government in order to get a high level of satisfaction. The identification of the system’s failures and the suggestion of appropriate solutions will help to the

Film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Film - Movie Review Example Specifically, the film focuses on the Southern railroad engineer who has only two loves in his life, the beautiful Annabelle Lee, and the train (Ebert, 1997 n.p). In the beginning, Keaton walks to his girls house wearing his best suit unaware that two small boys are following him. Ironically, behind the two boys is Annabelle herself, who follows closely as Keaton reaches the door and knocks only to look about and see Annabelle right behind him. The two boys follow them as they sit on the sofa and Keaton reflects slight unhappiness (Ebert, 1997 n.p). He wakes up, picks his hat as if he wants to leave and opens the door for the two boys to leave. He displays incredible courtesy that leaves the viewer wondering if the boys were his guests or pure intruders. Rejected by the girl, he goes to drive the locomotive, but it lifts him up and down, although e is so obsessed with the girl to notice. The director portrays the character as a dangerous individual all through the film. Although the comedy in the movie is quite a lot, the audience does not laugh at Keaton but identify with him (Ebert, 1997 n.p). The film most memorable part is the hunt of the stole train by the Union spies. Ironically, Jonny chases the train on foot, by bicycle, a sidecar, and finally another locomotive. Precisely, this scene is exciting since it is impossible for a train to chase another locomotive since they have to retain the track. The General appeared in the Sight and Sound top ten greatest films, and it might be Keatons greatest film. However, other films by the same director that are fascinating include Go West (1925), Cameraman (1928) and The Navigator (1924) among others (Ebert, 1997 n.p). Ebert, Roger. "The General Movie Review & Film Summary (1927) | Roger Ebert." Movie Reviews and Ratings by Film Critic Roger Ebert | Roger Ebert. N.P., 31  Mar.  1997. Web. 16  Mar.  2015.

Categorical imperative Essay Example for Free

Categorical imperative Essay Immanuel Kant believed in utilitarianism, which is the moral philosophy that says we should act in such ways as to make the greatest number of people happy as possible. This is why he introduced the categorical imperative. As a moral law, it is a command that is unqualified and not dependent on any conditions or qualifications. In short, it tells us to act in such a way that we would want everyone else to act the same way. In the circumstance where I am considering stealing a book when no one is looking, how would I decide whether the act is immoral or not? By using Kant’s categorical imperative, I first have to generalize my action. I have to wonder what would happen if everyone in the world did what I was doing would it begin to contradict itself. If everyone in the world was to steal a book when no one is looking, then there would be no point in selling books in the first place since no one in the world is willing to make a purchase. The book tells us that for Kant, this result is enough to show that the intended action is immoral and irrational. On the other hand, if a certain scenario was to not contradict from generalization, you would then ask yourself if you are willing to live in a world where everyone did that particular act. For example, I see someone who is in dire need of help. The cost of helping this person is little to none, but I still find myself unwilling to help him. First, let’s generalize that situation. Imagine a world where everyone was unwilling to lend a hand when someone was in a situation of extreme need. That kind of world is actually imaginable, and it doesn’t contradict itself in anyway. However, when I ask the question, â€Å"Would I want to live in a world like that? † the answer will always be no. That would be a horrifying world to live in. I could be dying and in need for someone to call the ambulance and no one would stop and help. Therefore, through Kant’s way of reasoning and thinking, this action is also immoral. Utilitarianism focuses around making the majority happy. As a strong believer in utilitarianism, Kant introduced the imperative predicament which in short required an individual to act the way he or she would want everyone else in the world to act. Stealing a book is not something an individual would want everyone in the world to do. Which is why Kant would believe that it is immoral.

Importance of the Friars in Much Ado About Nothing and Measure for Meas

Importance of the Friars in Much Ado About Nothing and Measure for Measure In the plays Much Ado About Nothing and Measure for Measure, the friars are important instruments in their respective storyline because of their assumed pure intentions of using deception as a means to right the wrong-doing within the play. They have the authority to administer questionable plans of action because they are respected and trusted. The friars hear all of the confessions; therefore, they could know even the deepest of secrets. The friars, or "Fathers" take on a protective role, a paternal one. They seem to relate more with the youth, or the wronged, who become like children needing guidance in their vulnerable states. When the parents, or as in Measure for Measure, Angelo, must be contradicted, the next highest up in the chain of command is the friar. The friars assume these authoritative roles with great conviction. They seem to believe that they must protect their sheep and fight evil. Friar Francis of Much Ado About Nothing believes himself to serve as a means for jus tice, "Craft against vice I must repay" (3.1.57). In a different realm of justice, within different scales of measurement, the Friars offer their non-doctrinal mode of deception to set the world (of the play) in harmony. In Much Ado About Nothing, Friar Francis suggests a peculiar solution to amend a horrible situation in which the bride was shamed and jilted. Friar Francis seemed to be the only male who pulled for Hero's honor. He believed her when her father did not and vied for her innocence when he said, "Trust not my age, / My reverence, calling, nor divinity/ If this sweet lady lie not guiltless here/ Under some biting error" (4.1.166-9). He advised that she prete... ...acilitators when they are the only characters whose authority never is questioned. Only they can pull off the deceptive schemes that they do because no one else in the play either can be trusted, or is not in a position of power as the friars are. Friar Francis and Friar Lodowick are not despised in the end because their religious positions allow for them to be trusted in making a just and right decision. The friars restored order. Within the system of justice in which the friars operate it is not only just, but necessary, to sin by lying and deceiving, in order for love and harmony to prevail. It then becomes a question of not whether these holy men abuse Christian dogma, but on their intent behind the deceit. Thus "craft against vice" is the powerful system which allows for discrepancy concerning sin in order to combat the havoc caused by deception by evil intent.

Mcdonald’s Expands Globally While Adjusting Its Local Recipe

Overview: Today, McDonald’s golden arches are one of the most recognized symbols in the world, just behind the Olympic rings. While growth within the U. S. has slowed, the picture outside the U. S. has appeared brighter, until recently. However, globally, taste profiles and consumer desires are changing. McDonald’s has responded to these changes by altering their basic products (when necessary) to fit the requirements of the local markets. While not always successful, it has proven to be a winning strategy. )Identify the key elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS). In particular, how does McDonald’s approach the issue of standardization? Does McDonald’s think global and act local? Does it also think local and act global? The popularity of American-style hamburgers, fries, and soft drinks is growing around the world. Also, the restaurants themselves offer the consumers a chance to experience for themselves a fast food legend that provi de inexpensive food, quick service, and a clean, familiar environment. Although global dietary preferences are converging (e. . fast food), a solid understanding of food-related cultural preferences is important for companies in the F&B industry. In many locations, menu items are adapted according to the customs and tastes of individual countries. McDonald’s offers an ideal example of â€Å"global localization. † E. g. Chicken Maharaja Mac was created for Indian market; local food ingredients were used in India and China, etc. With McDonald’s offering of local tastes and a combination of American fare, McDonald’s thinks globally (product adaption) and acts globally (standardization). E. g. tyle makeover of the McDonald restaurant at Champs Elysees. 2)Do you think government officials in developing countries such as Russia, China, and India welcome McDonald’s? Do consumers in these countries welcome McDonald’s? Why or why not? Despite concern s by governments and citizens in some countries about â€Å"cultural imperialism,† (e. g. French said McDonald’s â€Å"promote globalization & industrially produced food†), McDonald’s and other franchises with well-known brand names are generally welcome. Such businesses provide both much-needed jobs and employee training.McDonald’s does a good job of earning the support of local authorities and the local population by working with agricultural producers to develop local supply sources for beef, potatoes, and dairy products. And, owing to changing lifestyles around the globe, more people are embracing the whole concept of fast food. 3)The â€Å"Plan to Win† initiative is built around five factors that drive McDonald’s business: people, products, place, price, and promotion. As a student of marketing what can you say about these factors? These five factors closely mirror the four P’s of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place.For a service marketer: people and physical evidence are also added to the mix. For McDonald’s people and physical evidence are also important P’s of marketing. They are realizing the importance of creating a â€Å"modern, streamlined environment† so as to â€Å"encourage customers to stay longer and spend more†. Another thing they may consider is to improve the service quality to help with that. McDonald’s has tried to enrich its product mix by considering â€Å"What does our brand allow us to consider selling to our customers†, instead of being stuck with hamburgers.

Thesis Belonging

Thesis Statements for Belonging RBelonging can be created, supported or broken by RELATIONSHIPS UOnly through UNDERSTANDING can an individual, group or community find a connection. GJUDGEMENTS or choices that individuals make may create or destroy a sense of belonging. An individual may choose whether to/or not to belong. BIndividuals (or a group) may encounter BARRIERS to belonging IAn individual’s (or collective) IDENTITY and self-perception may develop through the process of belonging.Only the individual can determine whether or not he/she belongs and this will in turn shape a sense of self. PBelonging is a PERCEPTION. Perceptions shape the way that an author, character or responder may feel in relation to belonging. It is important to remember that context shapes perception. An individual or group may feel that they belong to a PLACE or landscape. AATTITUDES about belonging may evolve and change over time IINDIVIDUALITY. Each unique individual has the potential to enrich t he community and foster a greater sense of belonging.An individual may belong to an IDEA or IDEOLOGY including religious, political or cultural ideologies. NBelonging may be understood as an instinctive NEEDof humanity Examples Our individual identity is greatly constructed by how others perceive us. As members of society we all actively desire the respect, and friendship of our peers. An individual’s fear of alienation can lead them to think or act in ways that are not true to their ideology. Belonging to a social group builds character and identity.Contrastingly, alienation forces one to ask why they are alone and thus the strength of identity is challenged. To truly belong to a group one must surrender all conflicting thoughts and ideologies. As social group, along with your family, dictates the morals you come to respect. These greatly impact who you are. Alienation does not make us stronger, all it achieves is a disconcerting feeling of being unwanted and rejected. Throu ghout childhood and adolescence, we observe our parents and peers morals and ideologies, and use this to construct identity.The community surrounding you impacts your opinion of selfhood, consequently moulding your identity. Being educated on your family’s past wrong doings, can lead to you developing a strong sense of identity that purposefully avoids repeating such errors. An individual who is a member of a social group has a greater chance of maintaining their individuality. This is in contrast to an alienated and disconnected person. When in a similar social group, an individual’s identity is perceived as stronger.A strong sense of identity is dependant on family and social standing in the community. A sense of identity depends on social interaction within family and community members. John’s sense of identity is dependant on his perception of the group to which he belongs; the police force. When people don’t belong to a group, they have difficulty in establishing a sense of self. Belonging to a family strengthens the belief you have in who you are and what you stand for. Identity is made up of the people surrounding you. In order to have an identity, one must first belong to a group.

KARL MARX AND ERIK H. ERIKSON essays

KARL MARX AND ERIK H. ERIKSON essays The philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19th century. Although scholars in his largely ignored him own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883 historyguide. org/intellect/marx.html. Karl Marx was born in Germany in 1818. He came from a long line of rabbis on both sides of his family and his father, a man who knew Voltaire and Lessing by heart, had agreed to baptism as a Protestant so that he would not lose his job as one of the most respected lawyers in Trier historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html. He lived his life as an independent intellectual and political activist, and worked as a journalist in Germany and in 1843 left for Paris. In 1849 he settled in London and began his scholarly labors in the public reading room of the British Museum. Marx was the dominant intellectual and political fo rce behind the working peoples movement known as the International. He died alone in 1888, shortly after the deaths of his daughter and wife both named Jenny. Marxism as a political and social philosophy took many forms, with different effects-from the terror Stalinism to the aesthetically subtle explorations of economic and cultural life by critical theorists and other students of culture today. Labor-power and Capital is one of the most powerful examples of Marxs critical and structural method (Lermert, C. 30). In this book he talks about the relation between labor and economic value, and says that the secret of capitalist profit cannot be seen in the visible market place, and in his another book he talks about materialist feminism. Marx believed that philosophy ought to be employed in practice to change the world (philosophypages. com/phmarx .htm). He thinks that the worker becomes all...

9 causas para perder la ciudadanía de Estados Unidos

9 causas para perder la ciudadanà ­a de Estados Unidos Los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos pueden perder su condicià ³n de estadounidenses si realizan determinadas acciones que llevan aparejada como consecuencia la pà ©rdida de la nacionalidad. Esto aplica tanto a los ciudadanos que adquirieron su condicià ³n en el momento del nacimiento como a los que la obtuvieron posteriormente, incluido el trmite que se conoce como naturalizacià ³n, por el que los residentes permanentes legales se convierten en ciudadanos. Puntos clave: pà ©rdida de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense Son raros los casos de retirada de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. La ley tiene previstos nueve casos en los que puede darse pero todos ellos requieren que se trate de un acto voluntario y consciente.Una situacià ³n diferente son los casos de desnaturalizacià ³n por fraude, que se han incrementado en los à ºltimos aà ±os. Se est quitando la ciudadanà ­a a personas que mintieron en las aplicaciones de naturalizacià ³n, obtencià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia o las que cometieron un delito antes de naturalizarse y no revelaron este problema en la aplicacià ³n. 9 acciones que, en teorà ­a, podrà ­an provocar la pà ©rdida de la ciudadanà ­a de los Estados Unidos Segà ºn la Seccià ³n 359 de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Nacionalidad (INA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), en la actualidad un estadounidense solamente podrà ­a verse privado de su ciudadanà ­a cuando se dan una de las circunstancias siguientes: Prestar juramento o declaracià ³n formal  de lealtad a otro paà ­s despuà ©s de cumplir los 18 aà ±os.Obtener la nacionalidad de otro paà ­s de forma voluntaria y por peticià ³n propia despuà ©s de haber cumplido los 18 aà ±os de edad.  Servir en cualquier categorà ­a en un Ejà ©rcito extranjero hostil hacia Estados UnidosServir como oficial comisionado o no comisionado en el Ejà ©rcito de otro paà ­sServir como soldado en un Ejà ©rcito no hostil hacia Estados UnidosTrabajar para un gobierno extranjero despuà ©s de cumplir los 18 aà ±os Renunciar voluntaria y formalmente a la ciudadanà ­a como hicieron estos 10 famosos. Sentencia firme condenatoria por traicià ³n a los Estados UnidosCondena firme por intentar derrocar el gobierno de los Estados Unidos En el caso de trabajar para gobierno extranjero es necesario que adems, se dà © una de las siguientes circunstancias: poseer tambià ©n la nacionalidad del paà ­s de dicho gobierno , es decir, debe darse un caso de doble nacionalidad prestar algà ºn tipo de juramento o promesa como condicià ³n para acceder a ese puesto de trabajo. Por otro lado, en el caso de renuncia voluntaria a la nacionalidad estadounidense, si se est fuera de los Estados Unidos la declaracià ³n debe hacerse en una embajada o consulado de USA. Por el contrario, si la persona que desea renunciar se encuentra dentro del paà ­s deber contactar con el Departamento de Seguridad Interna. Sin embargo, no siempre que se produzca uno de estos hechos se pierde la nacionalidad. Ya que por ley es necesario que concurran obligatoriamente dos requisitos siguientes: que el acto sea voluntarioque el acto se realice con la intencià ³n de abandonar la condicià ³n de ciudadano. Y es que en  Afroyim v. Rusk, una sentencia de  1967 la Corte Suprema reconoce que un ciudadano americano tiene un derecho constitucional a permanecer siendo ciudadano, a menos que voluntariamente renuncie a la nacionalidad. Y en 1980 con la sentencia  Vance v. Terrace,  la Corte establecià ³ que tal renuncia se puede hacer mediante una declaracià ³n o mediante accià ³n. Es fcil determinar que el acto es voluntario. Lo que no es tan claro es determinar cundo existe la intencià ³n de realmente dejar de ser estadounidense. Para esto aplica la norma de las presunciones y a continuacià ³n se explica cà ³mo se debe entender. Cundo el gobierno de EE.UU. entiende que hay intencià ³n de renunciar a la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense Adems, de obviamente, cuando se renuncia formalmente a la ciudadanà ­a, se pierde, las autoridades consideran que hay intencià ³n de dejar de ser estadounidense cuando: Se sirve en cualquier posicià ³n en un Ejà ©rcito en hostilidades contra los Estados UnidosCuando hay una condena por traicià ³n o por intentar derrocar al gobiernoCuando se sirve a un gobierno extranjero en una posicià ³n polà ­tica En estos tres casos, los oficiales consulares investigarn  si efectivamente se da la intencià ³n de abandonar la ciudadanà ­a, como en principio se presume. Y en base a dicha investigacià ³n, resolvern. Cundo el gobierno entiende que NO hay intencià ³n de renunciar Existe una premisa administrativa que considera que se tiene la intencià ³n de seguir siendo estadounidense en todos los dems casos no previstos en el caso anterior. Es decir, cuando se presta alianza a otro paà ­s, se adquiere su nacionalidad, se presta servicio en un Ejà ©rcito extranjero no hostil o se acepta un trabajo para otro gobierno a nivel no polà ­tico.   La persona que realiza cualquiera de las cuatro actividades arriba mencionadas no necesita pedir permiso antes de hacerlas ni tampoco notificar a ninguna autoridad americana su intencià ³n de seguir siendo estadounidense, ya que eso es lo que se presume. Pero es posible que cuando pida la renovacià ³n del pasaporte americano o solicite registrarse para votar o cualquier otra actividad reservada a ciudadanos un oficial consular le pregunte si al realizar una de las cuatro acciones antes seà ±aladas deseaba renunciar a la nacionalidad estadounidense. Bastar con contestar â€Å"no† para seguir siendo americano. Sin embargo, en el pasado no era asà ­ y muchos ciudadanos perdieron su nacionalidad. En estos casos podrà ­a ser posible recuperarla. Casos de desnaturalizacià ³n por fraude Entre 1990 y 2017 hubo un total de 305 desnaturalizaciones, es decir, 11 casos por aà ±o en los que se le quità ³ la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense a personas que la habà ­an adquirido por medio de la naturalizacià ³n. Pero desde ese aà ±o las desnaturalizaciones han incrementado y el gobierno reconoce que en la actualidad hay aproximadamente unos 2.500 casos siendo investigados. Adems, en el presupuesto del aà ±o fiscal 2019 hay destinados a ICE 207 millones para investigar posibles casos de desnaturalizacià ³n y que le permiten contratar a abogados e investigadores para intentar encontrar casos en los que el ciudadano naturalizado cometià ³ fraude, es decir, mintià ³, en el proceso de naturalizacià ³n u obtencià ³n de la green card. Adems, se buscan particularmente casos en los que el ahora ciudadano cometià ³ alguna felonà ­a antes de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a y no lo reportà ³. Especialmente, los investigadores estn interesados en los casos de personas que recibieron una orden de deportacià ³n pero se quedaron en el paà ­s y, posteriormente, adquirieron la ciudadanà ­a bajo otro nombre. Esto es posible porque se estn investigando huellas digitales de los aà ±os 90 y anteriores que no estaban digitalizadas y se estn comparando con los expedientes de naturalizacià ³n. Consecuencias de la pà ©rdida de la ciudadanà ­a  de EE.UU. Se dejan de tener todos los privilegios, derechos y libertades propios de ser estadounidense Adems, a partir de ese momento se deber solicitar una visa para entrar a Estados Unidos, a menos que la persona sea titular de un pasaporte que le permita entrar como turista bajo el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Si careciese de otro pasaporte, la persona que voluntariamente deja de ser estadounidense se considera que es aptrida y carece de la proteccià ³n de ningà ºn estado. En todo caso, la renuncia no evitar que esa persona sea sometida a juicio por posibles delitos que haya cometido en EE.UU.. Asimismo, continà ºa estando obligada a hacer frente a las obligaciones financieras que haya contraà ­do en EE.UU. y a las militares, si las tuviera. Por à ºltimo, dejar de ser americano no supone el fin automtico de la relacià ³n con los impuestos americanos, ya que habr que seguir cumpliendo esta obligacià ³n por 10 aà ±os. Se aconseja consultar con el IRS para asegurarse de cules son las obligaciones pendientes en materia de tasas. La renuncia a la nacionalidad americana es definitiva. Es decir, una vez realizada no hay vuelta atrs. La à ºnica excepcià ³n es plantear una demanda administrativa o judicial y ganarla. Y en el caso de las personas que dejaron de ser americanas motu proprio cuando eran menores de edad, debern notificar al Departamento de Estado que desean volver a ser estadounidenses dentro de los seis meses siguientes a haber cumplido los 18 aà ±os. Como es un acto de grandes consecuencias, antes de llevarlo a cabo es recomendable consular sobre el proceso para entender todos sus aspectos. Las dudas se atienden en la Oficina de Asuntos Consulares del DoS en Washington, llamando al 1-202-736-9110 o enviando un correo electrà ³nico a ASKPRIstate.gov Derechos y obligaciones de los estadounidenses en el exterior Los ciudadanos tienen obligacià ³n de pagar impuestos, aunque residan habitualmente en otro paà ­s. Pero tambià ©n tienen derechos, como en determinados casos transmitir la ciudadanà ­a a sus hijos, recibir el pago del cheque del seguro social o votar en las elecciones para Presidente registrndose en el à ºltimo estado en el que se residià ³. Si han formado una familia y desean regresar a Estados Unidos, podrn solicitar los papeles por matrimonio para su cà ³nyuge, si bien pueden existir obstculos que deben ser tenidos en cuenta. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Assignment 1 Scope & WBS Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1 Scope & WBS - Assignment Example is paper is essentially a document that entails the ideas obtained from the city residents regarding suggestion on the best way to create a green space in a low-income neighborhood. The paper presents a scope statement and a WBS for the project. To create a green space, specifically a playground from an abandoned ground, the size of a city block. This site has been used as a general dumping ground for many years. The project cost is estimated at $200,000. The green space should not be in a position to encourage other social evils such as crime as assumed with many city spaces around the world. Instead, it should be open enough to promote security and protection among families within the neighborhood. In this paper, WBS is used in decomposing the green space project into much smaller components. In this case, it involves hierarchical as well as incremental decomposition of the green space project into phases. The end objective is used to start the WBS with a successive subdivision of the efforts required in achieving the project objectives. The WBS for the green space project is as shown in figure 1 below. The key phases in the project are designing, funding, and maintenance. The government will mobilize the funding process from the funding organizations. The source of finances in this case includes funds from financial institutions, government taxes, and city revenues among others. The funding process is based on the budget planning, which is created from the cost estimates that are established from the project’s cost considerations. Regarding the design, it can be perfected by incorporating both residents, and experts’ ideas. The experts would base their design decisions on the previous land use, its location, and the ideas provided by the residents. Once the project is completed, it has to be maintained with the assistance from city authorities who would incorporate both volunteers from the local communities and permanent employees. Green spaces form a

Forensic Accounting in Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensic Accounting in Practice - Research Paper Example Thus, this research paper will provide a brief understanding about the notion of forensic accounting in practice. Question 1 An ordinary accountant cannot always be an effective forensic accountant. In order to become an effective forensic accountant, he/she must possess certain skills and ought to evaluate those skills in profession. The most important five skills that a forensic accountant needs to possess have been described hereunder. Advanced education in appropriate discipline It is regarded as one of the most important skills to be acquired by a forensic accountant. The accountant needs to possess advanced education in appropriate discipline, which will be helpful in conducting his daily activities efficiently. The accountant must have a detailed knowledge about the aspect of auditing, analyzing the risks, identifying any sort of fraudulent activity and finding effective measures to solve those risks as well as fraudulent activities (Nunn et al, 2006). ... Communication skill The oral and written communication skill is required to be possessed by a forensic accountant. This skill is useful in performing various operational functions of a business in an effective manner. The forensic accountants need to communicate with various departments in order to analyze the financial affairs and also for detecting any fraudulent activity. Moreover, a forensic accountant requires communicating with the legal authorities for the justification of the fraud being performed within an organization (Nunn et al., 2006). Core skill Core skill refers to the fundamental characteristics of an accountant. This skill is often viewed to be the combined knowledge of the taxes and the business laws along with better education and experience. Thus, the accountants can utilize their core skills in determining tax systems of the organizations along with working in accordance with business laws and ethics (Davis et al., n.d). Enhanced skill The idea of enhanced skill refers to additional specializations that are acquired by the forensic accountants. The other knowledge which possessed by the accountants such as acting as the evidence of any fraudulent activity in the court room assists the organizations in running their business smoothly (Davis et al., n.d). Question 2 It has already been observed that the major responsibilities of forensic accountants are to analyze the financial affairs along with the detection of the fraudulent activities within an organization. However, the role of the accountants does not end at this point. They needs to act as an evidence of the fraud in the court room (Krstic, 2009). The forensic

'' reviewing and analyzing four articles contained in the book Essay

'' reviewing and analyzing four articles contained in the book Campaigns on the Cutting Edge book by Semiatin - Essay Example In essence, different platforms have been realized in terms of campaigns due to the increased adoption of the emerging technologies. Direct interaction between candidates and voters has increased (Semiatin 29). Candidates nowadays reach out to voters though their social media accounts or even those of their campaign teams. This type of interaction has made the voter feel involved in campaign even though they might not be physical present at the campaigns. Campaign management has been widely facilitated and enhanced through technology. Through modern ways of communication which are cheap, fast, efficient and convenient. A candidate in a different region can be able to coordinate with campaign team in separate regions. Through email, Skype, fast mobile communication and other forms, coordination is easier and efficient (Semiatin 67). It is worth noting that interaction among human beings has been facilitated through the use of technology. Coordination can be done remotely without neces sarily being there in person. To some extent, this has resulted to the minimization of resources that could be incurred in terms of transport and food. What is more, this has enabled carrying out activities simultaneously in a wider region, saving time, money and enhancing campaigning. By avoiding unnecessary movements during campaigns, the campaign affair has consequently become cheap and efficient. All this thanks to new technological developments around the world. Mobility has also been enhanced by technology. Increased movement within short duration of time has enabled campaign teams to cover wider regions and in that case attaining their set goals and objectives accordingly. Use of transport systems like the electric trains and air transport has enabled campaign teams cover wider areas and be able to change locations within the same day which would previously be cumbersome and tedious if not possible. Mobility has greatly helped utilize the limited time to the maximum. Saving s ome considerable amount of time means enough time for brainstorming on the next strategic moves and reducing pressure on the campaign times especially when deadlines and time becomes a constraint. Evolution from party driven to candidate and voter driven campaigns has been achieved greatly through technology. it is worth noting that emerging technology is nearly touching every aspect of life and in that case facilitating means through which other activities are carried out accordingly. Possibility of accessing a wider voter region simply through television is now enabled. Social media sites like Twitter and Facebook have not been left behind either. Initially campaigns would involve tedious ground coverage through campaign caravans or even numerous expensive flights especially when accessing remote regions. Evolution of cable TV with the easy and cheap accessibility has made it possible and enabled the wider population to only sit at the comfort of their homes and be able to get eve ry single bit of information about campaigns without necessarily attending rallies, leading to easier and more convenient ways of voter mobilization (Semiatin 81). Through embracing of modern digital ways of relaying news and information for example though visual and print media, campaigns have never been this efficient. In other words, the implementation of technology in campaigns has played a great part in determining how different activities are performed. Through

Social Worker Self Reflection Paper Social Work Essay

Social Worker Self Reflection Paper Social Work Essay As a qualified social worker, we need to hold the belief that people can change, especially when we work with the clients who have committed to some kinds of deviant behaviors. As a student who has received professional social work training for more than four years, I think most of the clients have the ability to alter to a better condition for themselves. However, I am not sure when it comes to pathological gamblers. Effected by my past experience, it is hard for me to trust a person who addicts to gambling. How I will react if there is one day I have to face to a client who is a pathological gambler? I am quite uncertain about that. Who is pathological gambler? The DSM-III (the third edition of the codebook of mental disorders) includes PG for the first time as an impulsive disorder (à lvarez-Moya; Jimà ©nez-Murcia; Neus Aymamà ­; Gà ³mez-Peà ±a, 2010).The original definition if pathological gambling stated the person is chronically and progressively unable to resist impulses to gamble (as cited by Ciarrocchi from American Psychiatric Association, 1980). According to this definition, pathological gambler (PG) refers to the people who has involved in gambling for a long time. Besides, their gambling behavior has become more and more severe but they refuse to quit gambling. Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) proposed the Pathways model as an etiological framework for understanding PG (as cited by Ledgerwood and Petry, 2010). According to this model, three subtypes of pathological gamblers exist: behaviorally conditioned, emotionally vulnerable, and antisocial impulsive. The reasons behind pathological gambling are various. Take behaviorally conditioned one as an example. People engage into gambling because of long period expose to gambling games. If most of friends or relatives addict into gambling, it is more likely for that person to participate in the same games, because his or her behavior is triggered and then maintained by the surroundings. Besides, grief emotion or suffering great loss may also lead to problematic gambling. Many PGs participate in gambling games in order to escape from sad mood or release stress. Moreover, somebody tries to pursue excited feelings by engaged in big wins and chasing loses games. As a result, PGs tend to lose more than before. We can often hear that one gambler lost all of his or her money, estates as well as families. Besides, problematic gambling also contributes to other social problem, such as domestic violence, robbery, theft, suicide and so on. Pathological gambling attracts broad attention in the recent years. Social worker may encounter with PG in many circumstances, no matter in doing case work, group work or community work. For instance, when a battered woman comes for seeking help, we need to elicit the reason behind her husbands abuse behavior. In some domestic violence cases, the abuser has problem gambling behavior. Solving the problematic behavior then becomes the workers initial task. We may not cope with PG directly since referring to another professional clinical social worker is needed for the clients with severe problems. However, it is inevitable for us to face with such kind of clients. Why PGs? I never doubt whether a person is able to change. I believe a drug abuser can quit drugs if he or she realizes the harm that drugs done to his or her body. I believe a man can stop violence to his family members when he learns to know how to manage his temper after cognitive behavior treatment or any other therapies. I believe a juvenile delinquency can clean up his or her act and begin his or her new life after receiving punishment by law and guiding by youth social worker. However, it is still hard for me to believe a PG can give up gambling forever. Unlike other types of addicts, there is no substance that stimulates gamblers emotion or feeling. From my point of view, all the problematic gambling behaviors are triggered by instinct, which cannot be changed by outer power. When I am preparing this term paper, I do self-introspection by myself. Indeed, similar to other social workers who encounter with counter transference, I am affected by my own experience. My aunt plays the lead in my story. My father had a big brother who died from a traffic accident in 1994. He left a large amount of heritage for my aunt as well as his two daughters. My aunt, a middle-aged housewife, starts her gambling life after the death of my uncle. At first, all of my family members including my grandparents thought she participated in gambling games just because she wanted to escape from the sadness. Besides, there is an old saying in Chinese little gambling can be entertainment. The whole family believed she just gambled for fun. As a result, nobody tried to impede her gambling action until one day she came to my home to borrow money from my father. She said she planned to open a grocery shop so that she could afford the life expenses for her as well as my two cousins. We were happy to see she could recover from sorrow and started new life again so my father and other uncles tried their best to support her. The grocery shop opened eventually; however, it was t he beginning of the nightmare. She rarely stayed in her shop and we heard the rumors about her from our relatives. They saw my aunt appear in the most famous local casino and lose numerous of money. When we confirmed with her, she denied. However, finally she lost her shop and was in heavy debt which was estimated about two million. Faced with accusing from family members, she came to my grandparents home, asked for forgive and swore she would never gamble any more. To our disappointed, she violated her vow over and over again. Every time after we know she engages in gambling game again, she will conduct her drama once by showing us how much determination she has made for quit gambling behavior. To our disappointed, her promise is provide nothing eventually. She still visits casino frequently until now, despite that she has really burdened a lot of debts. I know she has ever tried to get rid of gambling behavior, but all the trials are failed in the end. My two cousins, who should have been enjoying their marriage life, have to work harder to pay back the debt for their mother. My grandparent, who should have been enjoying their retired life, is troubled by my aunts gambling behavior and finally my grandpa died with regret. It may unfair for my aunt if I contribute the entire fault to her; nonetheless, she is the initiator of the evil. As a consequence, I lost the confidence on the gambler. By witnessing how my aunt indulges into gambling activities time and time again, I do not attach any extravagant hope to problematic gamblers. My aunt tried to make use of every possible means to get money and found every possible excuse to cover what she has done. I cannot believe one person can be so bad! In the first second, she swears she will never gamble again; the next second, she shows up on casino. When I called my grandma last week, she told me that my aunt participate in gambling again. Being a potential social worker, I may have to face all kinds of clients in the future. If I have to handle with a PG some day, I will out of my wit for sure. Because in my opinion, it is impossible for a PG to stop gambling, I cannot get start my work at all. Referring to another social worker should be a good idea, but I am afraid my stereotype towards PGs will still affect my professional practice unavoidably. In fact, after finished my presentation, I know what my problem is. If one day I show uncertain and suspect to my client who is PG, it means counter transference happens on me. The more contemporary view of counter transference is that the professionals reactions, real and unreal, to a client can occur irrespective of origin and can be based on their own past or present experience or client characteristics (James, 2008).Fortunately, I know how to introspect my feeling though my presentation. By self-reflection, I am aware that I lose the confidence on PGs because of my unsolved problems. I am the youngest one in the whole family. My grandparent and parent are always trying to protect me from the possibilities that may do harm to me. Although they tried their best to present me with a harmony picture of the family, I know more and more things when I grow up. I want to share the burden with my parent but I am too young to do anything. My helplessness makes me feel that I am not eligibl e to work with problematic gamblers. Actually, I lose the confidence on myself not on the PGs. What to do next? Just as Hepworth et al.(2010) mention in their book: introspection and self-assessment, as well as the ability to maintain appropriate boundaries and distance, will assess you to achieve or regain a realistic perspective on your relationships with clients. I cannot wait until one day counter transference really occurs then do I take introspection. Hence, I plan to take the following methods to cope with my problems: Trying to understand the reasons for PGs should be the first step. In fact, before I get start to write this paper, I already changed some of my perception about PGs because of literature review. After reading many dissertations and books, I begin to know the reason behind such behavior are complicated and various. People get addicted into gambling are not just for fun. Some of them want to escape from cruel reality by gambling games. Once engaged into gambling games, they can forget the troubles for a while. Apart from that, other gamblers may find gambling can be an effective stress reliever. They can release their anger, their workload, their family burden as well as other emotion that cannot erupt when they are at gambling desk. Secondly, I have to get start to solve my unsolved problem. I am not a little innocent girl any longer. It is necessary and possible for me to discuss my aunts gambling problem with my family members. Although I am not sure if I can help her or not and there is little clinical social service for PGs in mainland China, I still want to try. At least, I need to solve my own problem first and to make sure it will not have influence on my professional practice in the future. Knowing my aunts problems from all of the dimensions may help me to understand more about her. On the other hand, I hope I can share what I have learned from class with my family members so that they will know how to cope with my aunt in a better way. Thirdly, I will pay more attention to the part about how to deal with addicts while in the MSW program. Since I know my irrational emotion is mainly caused by my unhappy experience, I should equip myself to be qualified social worker so that one day I may be able to assess the PG to get rid of problematic gambling. I need to do continuously self assessment before I go into fieldwork. Only by realizing my disadvantage can I know where I should improve. Last but not least, I will discuss with my classmates when I feel uncomfortable with the relative cases. I can learn from other peoples views and may know how to change my stereotype. Furthermore, I may consult supervisor when it is necessary. I believe as a experienced social worker, my supervisor will give me some applicable suggestions and guide me to cope with the problem properly.

Stem Cells :: essays research papers

Photo courtesy University of Wisconsin Board of Regents Microscopic 10x view of a colony of embryonic stems cells (The stem cell colonies are the rounded, dense masses of cells.) Meriam-Webster defines stem cells as: an unspecialized cell that gives rise to differentiated cells. This means the can turn into any cells the body is in need of .Their almost limitless potential has made stem cells a significant focus of medical research. Imagine having the ability to return memory to an Alzheimer’s patient, replace skin that was lost during a terrible accident or enable a wheelchair-bound person to walk again. But before scientists can use stem cells for medical purposes, they must first learn how to harness their power. They can't treat disease until they learn how to manipulate stem cells to get them to develop into specific tissues or organs. A stem cell is essentially the building block of the human body. The stem cells inside an embryo will eventually give rise to every cell, organ and tissue in the fetus's body. Unlike a regular cell, which can only replicate to create more of its own kind of cell, a stem cell is pluripotent. When it divides, it can make any one of the 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cells also have the capability to self-renew -- they can reproduce themselves many times over. There are two types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells come from an embryo -- the mass of cells in the earliest stage of human development that, if implanted in a woman's womb, will eventually grow into a fetus. When the embryo is between three and five days old, it contains stem cells, which are busily working to create the various organs and tissues that will make up the fetus. Adults also have stem cells in the heart, brain, bone marrow, lungs and other organs. They are our built-in repair kits, regenerating cells damaged by disease, injury and everyday wear and tear. Adult stem cells were once believed to be more limited than stem cells, only giving rise to the same type of tissue from which they originated. But new research suggests that adult stem cells may have the potential to generate other types of cells, as well. For example, liver cells may be coaxed to produce insulin, which is normally made by the pancreas.

The ways in which Shakespeare uses structure and language to dramatise the comparisons in Twelfth Night

Examine the ways in which Shakespeare uses structure and language to dramatise the comparisons between different kinds of love in Twelfth Night focusing on Act 5, Scene 1 and one or two other scenes of your choice.   Twelfth Night is thought to have been written in 1601, near the middle of Shakespeare's career. The play looks at deception, disguise, illusion and probably most significantly the amazing things that love can cause us to do. Shakespeare does this successfully through clever use of language and structure. Act 1, Scene 1 of the comedy begins with a nobleman named Orsino, pining away for the love of Lady Olivia, a noble Illyrian lady. Shakespeare uses imagery to represent love: â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on; Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting The appetite may sicken, and so die.† Orsino's language contains images which recur throughout the play such as music, death, love and food while expressing his love. Orsino doesn't mention Lady Olivia until his discussion with Curio soon after, this leads us to suggest that Orsino is in love with the idea of being in love itself, therefore being selfish. Consequently the reference to food can be perceived as Orsino's hunger for love. This hunger we are told leads to sickness and pain, again the imagery of sickness symbolises Orsino's extreme feelings towards love. The idiom ‘If music be the food of love, play on' has become part of British language and has become a frequently used expression. However, Olivia does not desire to be with Orsino and refuses to entertain any proposals of marriage. On the return of a message from Olivia's household, Orsino is told that Olivia has vowed to mourn for her brother for seven years. Orsino accepts this refusal contentedly and is proud of Olivia for paying the ‘debt of love' to her brother. This love towards a sibling is the third love to be found in the scene and indeed Twelfth Night, however despite this seemingly kind act of respect it can also be seen as selfish to shut herself from others especially with the high status and position she has in Illyrian society. The first type of love identified was unrequited love, established and maintained through selfishness and the second type being melancholy love as seen by Orsino's sadness and misery. Despite the differences in the kinds of love Orsino's language remains the same using imagery with the semantic field of flowers, life and death: â€Å"Hath killed the flock†¦ That live in her; when liver, brain and heart†¦ Away before me to sweet beds of flowers† Throughout the scene there has been little change in structure, Orsino has spoken verse throughout, while acting the conventional romantic hero, and through the three kinds of love identified there has still been the use of caesura which is generally used to give a dramatic effect. However, whilst Orsino was thinking of his own love at the beginning there was much more caesura used. Shakespeare would have done this to exaggerate Orsino's melancholy love further and also to convey his mood and emotions much more easily. There is also a difference in rhyme. The beginning speech contains two rhyming couplets: ‘more' and ‘before' and ‘there' and ‘soe'er'. While the final speech only contains one: ‘flowers and bowers'. The varying use of structure between the two references to love highlights the difference between a falsified, sentimental, dramatised love and a more relaxed and genuine love towards a sibling. The second scene of Act 1, also establishes the love between siblings as Viola, a young lady of Messaline assumes that her twin brother, Sebastian has died in the ship wreck while she was brought safely to shore. Rather than being glad and rejoicing her own deliverance Viola began to lament her brother's loss: â€Å"My brother he is in Elysium. Perchance he is not drown'd: what think you, sailors?† Again the use of caesura conveys the emotion and panic felt by selfless Viola, particularly by the way the colon hurries on her thoughts to the question directed at the sailors. Viola decides that she must survive in Illyria asking the captain for help. She can not work for Olivia as she in mourning so instead she asked the captain to disguise her as a male using the feigned name Cesario in order for her to work as a page for Duke Orsino. Subsequently, Viola's appearance and disguise as a young male in Illyria causes complication and confusion between both Orsino's and Olivia's household and Viola becomes the main protagonist. Consequentially a complicated love pattern emerges which seems to revolve entirely around Olivia. This identifies an obvious link between the two characters who's names bear quite a resemblance, while both are grieving for their lost brothers they are also both lead the main plot to continue, Olivia continuing the theme of love and the many forms it can take, w hile Viola upholds the theme of concealed feelings and identity. Duke Orsino takes favourably to his new page, unburdening his heart to Cesario telling him about his love towards Lady Olivia. Act 2, Scene 4 sees the Duke neglecting the company of his probable associates and lords who he would have almost certainly been associated with due to his high position. However, instead he listens to soft, romantic music, as in the first scene: â€Å"Give me some music. Now, good morrow, friends†¦ That old and antique song we heard last night: Me thought it did relieve my passion much,† Orsino blindly leads himself into a lifestyle of wallowing in his own misery and self pity, while once again using images of music and illness. This is significant since this language technique is only noticeably used throughout the comedy when Orsino's melancholy love is present. Viola, a selfless lover also begins feeling sorrowful as she is also suffering for the love of Orsino, who she has a deep genuine admiration for even though she is unable display her affection since her entrapment in male guise. She does however, gently hint: â€Å"Say that some lady, as perhaps there is, Hath for your love a great a pang of heart As you have for Olivia: you cannot love her, You tell her so; must she not then be answer'd?† Viola questions the Duke enquiring whether he could love someone who felt as strongly about he as he does for Olivia, whether he would return the love and if not what he would tell her. Orsino denied that it was possible to love as much as he did: â€Å"There is no women's sides Can bide the beating of so strong a passion As love doth give my heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  To an audience this would be ironic as they would know of Viola's love for the Duke and her true identity while he wouldn't be aware of the real situation or circumstances. Shakespeare's use of dramatic irony provides wit and humour while the character is still talking truthfully. The emphasis on disguise in Twelfth Night means that the comedy is full of dramatic irony. The image of passion violently beating someone is evoked by the metaphor ‘can bide the beating of so strong a passion' this is not a true description but works by making us imagine the painfully strong feelings Orsino believes he has for Olivia. The Duke sends Cesario to deliver Olivia a message however, Olivia is instantly attracted to Cesario which leaves Viola once again in a difficult situation as she is entrapped in her disguise. This completes the love triangle as Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia and Olivia loves Cesario/Viola. The sub plot of Twelfth Night or What You Will contains more humorous and comical scenes involving characters whose status is less than the likes of Olivia and Orsino and also two knights who seem to act foolishly despite their positions. For the play to be a good comedy it has to show human weaknesses, Shakespeare has done this particularly in the sub plot by varying the level of compassion and self control in each character leaving their weaknesses easily identifiable. Firstly, we meet Maria, a chambermaid of Olivia, Sir Toby Belch, Olivia's uncle and his friend Sir Andrew Aguecheek, two rowdy drunkards. Sir Andrew hopelessly attempts to court Lady Olivia but to no avail, again we see representations of unrequited love and also courtly love. The conversation between Maria and Sir Toby is playful and dim-witted, despite its purpose to instruct and lecture Sir Toby, for the sake of Olivia. Sir Toby replies: â€Å"Why let her except, before excepted.† The light-hearted wordplay can be seen as flirtatious as Sir Toby uses his wit to entertain and charm Maria, although not explicitly told, through Toby's tone and language usage he can be clearly seen to have feelings for her. However, puzzlingly he advises Sir Andrew Aguecheek to accost Maria. Andrew is left puzzled at the meaning of accost, the focus on wooing and courtly love is another apparent type of love. As Sir Andrew plays with the words of Maria the friendly, humorous conversation begins to include sexual references, as Maria says ‘It's dry' she gains the answer: â€Å"†¦I can keep my hand dry.† Bawdy, sexual references would have been gladly accepted by the audience in Elizabethan theatres particularly by the men, as in today's society. The use of a metaphor leaves the context in which this is meant to be decided by the audience. The flexibility of perception is also true of the relationship between the characters involved in the sub plot as they are able to communicate in different tones and about different subjects without actually announcing any true feelings they may have about one another. Maria and Sir Toby can openly flirt with each other and Sir Toby can insult Sir Andrew Aguecheek as he did when we were first introduced calling him ‘Agueface', Sir Toby in fact only wants to use Sir Andrew. This suggests how fragile and false relationships and friendship can be. Malvolio is a character who seems to be unloved throughout the play he is neither loved as a friend or lover and the other characters show no compassion in evilly tricking him. His love for Olivia, is kept only as a fantasy. Malvolio is seen as a vain and pompous character whose only true love lies with himself. This self-love is seen by Olivia: â€Å"O you are sick of self love, Malvolio† This accusation sums up the view felt by the audience as he regularly spoils the fun of the other members of the households in order to satisfy himself. A letter forged by Maria, supposedly from Olivia soon leads to more deceit in the play as Malvolio tries to earn her favour by following the suggestions of dressing in yellow stockings and crossed garters, acting arrogantly, smiling constantly and refusing to explain himself to anyone, it is his own self-conceit that causes him to easily fall into the trap. The sub-plot eventually intertwines with the main plot as a result of the appearance of Antonio and Viola's twin brother, Sebastian, who is still alive but believes that his twin, Viola is dead. Sebastian's friend Antonio seems to care deeply about Sebastian, possibly passionately and sexually, leading us to believe that he may well be homosexual as he follows his friend to Illyria, despite being enemies with Orsino. Sir Andrew and Sir Toby, seeing Olivia's increased attraction to Cesario decide to challenge Cesario to a duel. However, they mistakenly duel with Sebastian. The entrance of Olivia during the confusion causes further bewilderment as Olivia proposes to Sebastian, thinking that he is Cesario, Sebastian is baffled since he has never even met Lady Olivia before. However, he accepts. Since separating from Sebastion, Antonio is arrested for an old crime he committed, he begs Cesario who he thinks is Sebastian for his purse that he had gave him. However, Cesario is confused at this and denies knowing Antonio, which is true. Antonio cries out that Sebastian had betrayed him giving Viola new hope that her brother may be alive. These scenes are laden with dramatic irony, obviously because the audience are the only people who understand that both of the twins are alive, and by the apparent confusion that the other characters are suffering, that no one can tell them apart. This perplexity causes the comedy to be as bewildering as it is, possibly projecting the moral that nothing is as it seems. This can also be interpreted by the alternative title ‘or What You Will' To have five acts in a play was conventional of Elizabethan playwrights, Shakespeare has followed this convention in the play as we see the fifth and final act of Twelfth Night which reveals true feelings and identity, resolving each problematic situation. Feste's behaviour at the beginning of Act5, Scene 1 indicates that he has still not forgiven Orsino for dismissing him and replacing him for Fabian, a less witty and clever entertainer. His cheeky exclamation when being addressed as a friend by Orsino is evident of this: â€Å"the better for my foes and the worse for my friends† This expression signifies that reality can be different from what is expected; again one of the key morals of the play, a further example of this is Feste's sharp wit in contrast with Orsino who is more placid and plain despite his aristocratic status. The entrance of Antonio escorted by Orsino's officers sees an almost different Orsino to the previously sombre character. As the Duke recollects the sea-battle, this reveals Orsino to be a more fierce and influential individual, he recognises Antonio: â€Å"besmeared as black as Vulcan in the smoke of war† this simile makes Antonio sound wicked since black is an evil colour and also the metaphoric link to Vulcan, a vulgar, vicious God presents Antonio as a vicious immoral creature like Vulcan. Orsino now speaks with more thought than his inattentive and egocentric speeches seen throughout the comedy. When Olivia admits her love for Cesario, Orsino becomes angry accusing his page of betrayal and surrenders Cesario despite loving him: â€Å"I'll sacrifice the lamb I love† Again the issue of homosexuality rises as Orsino professes his love to a person he believes to be a man before the issue of sexuality can be dwelled upon the play quickly advances. There is a great deal of dramatic irony in this final scene which adds tension to the reunion of the twins. The audience is aware that both twins are alive, yet, there is still anticipation present from the audience to discover whether the truth that Viola is female will finally be known to the characters of the play. Also, Olivia has married Sebastian, which the audience also know, however, Olivia is claiming that she has married Cesario, which Viola genuinely knows nothing about, this situation is humorous and ironic. Shakespeare had mixed the elements of a tragedy and comedy. Shakespeare also used this situation, in order to illustrate the powerful feelings felt by the characters. Inevitably, the twins are reunited this resolves the theme of concealed identity. Viola regains her name as she discards her disguise, and is no longer trapped. This enables her to take action on her love for the Duke. Malvolio vengefully reappears, and is soon to be made angrier by the clown who mocks him. Malvolio remains the same throughout the play unloved except by himself. The trick played upon him had failed in punishing him for his vanity and arrogance. Antonio also does not gain anything at the end, although he may be forgiven for his past crimes. We are never told whether Sir Andrew and Sir Toby regained their friendship after Sir Toby quit Sir Andrew's company. Whereas, the Orsino and Viola had maintained their love for one another as had Olivia and Sebastian. The resolution for the two couples held true, romantic love for each of them. Orsino confirms with an optimistic statement: â€Å"Golden time†¦ But when in other habits you are seen Orsino's mistress and his fancy's queen† This rhyming couplet shows the real happiness that Orsino has found in contrast to the selfish, melancholy lover, Orsino, until the final scene. It was usual of Shakespeare to make the formal, traditional characters speak in rhyming couplets, until now Orsino's high status had been shadowed by his sadness. Now he fills the role of the stereotypical character we would have first expected we can see his language adapts to the role. Conversely, the clown's final song suggests that the future may not be as happy as is hoped or assumed: â€Å"for the rain it raineth every day† The reference to rain suggests that the future may be stormy and not as sunny as expected. Shakespeare would have intentionally ended the play with music, the same way as the play had started. Almost certainly as an ironic message of hopeful happiness in light of Orsino's beginning expression ‘if music be the food of love, play on'. Conclusively, we can see that Shakespeare used language techniques such as metaphors, similes and rhyming couplets to express different types of love. Generally those characters relating to love spoke in verse while comical characters such as Feste and the two foolish knights spoke in prose.